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Corus pilot plant could dramatically reduce steel industry emissions
27 November 2009
Corus is to test a potentially ground-breaking new iron-making technology in a pilot plant project at its IJmuiden steelworks in the Netherlands.
Called “Hisarna”, the technology has the potential to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide in the blast furnace steelmaking route by more than 50%.
The €20 million project is one of the initiatives that has sprung up under the auspices of ULCOS (Ultra-Low CO2 Steelmaking), a consortium of European steelmakers that has drawn up the world’s most advanced programme to reduce the steel industry’s carbon footprint.
The Dutch Cabinet of Ministers approved on November 27 a €5 million contribution to the project. The rest of the investment will come from European Commission research funds and from the ULCOS consortium partners.
The 60,000 tpa Hisarna pilot plant will harness a new process that makes possible the production of liquid iron from virgin raw materials in just a single step, eliminating two of the three production steps required in blast furnace iron making. Hisarna opens the prospect of a 20% improvement in steel industry energy efficiency. Commissioning of the pilot plant is foreseen at the end of 2010, after which an intensive test programme will be carried out, supported by all ULCOS partners.
Two technologies have been combined to develop Hisarna. The melting of fine ores in a cyclone has been developed by Corus in IJmuiden. This cyclone will be directly linked to the final process step where the hot metal is formed, this second step is the HIsmelt process.
Ends For further information, contact: Bob Jones, +44. (0)207 717 4532, bob.jones@corusgroup.com Lukas Burgering, +31.(0)2514.91307, lukas.burgering@corusgroup.com
Notes
Corus is Europe's second largest steel producer. With main steelmaking operations primarily in the UK and the Netherlands, Corus supplies steel and related services to the construction, automotive, packaging, mechanical engineering and other markets worldwide. Corus is a subsidiary of Tata Steel, one of the world’s top ten steel producers. The combined enterprise has an aggregate crude steel capacity of more than 28 million tonnes and approximately 80,000 employees across four continents.
ESTEP - European Steel Technology PlatformESTEP - European Steel Technology Platform
New steel initiatives for a sustainable society
Brussels, 5 March 2009 – The European steel industry and its policy-making partners today decided to proceed with the ULCOS (Ultra Low CO2 Steelmaking) project and adopted new programmes related to manufacturing and building to respond to the challenges of the future. The total budget corresponding to these programmes, which fit into the public-private Partnership initiatives set forth by the European Commission in its Economic Recovery plan, amounts to approximately €1 billion in the short and medium term. The decisions were taken in Brussels at the 6th meeting of the Steering Committee of the European Steel Technology Platform (ESTEP).
All stakeholders of the ESTEP attended or were represented at the meeting, including a high level representation of the EU Commission and Member States representatives. Chairman Michel Wurth reaffirmed the strong commitment of the steel industry to enhance the role of the European Union as a technology leader by engaging in Research and Innovation. “During the present sharp economic crisis, the steel industry, the Commission and member states need to closely work together with the aim to give appropriate support to the long term breakthrough objectives, so that Europe will strengthen its technological leadership in a fair and competitive environment” he said.
ULCOS-II: a major breakthrough contribution by the steel industry in the fight against climate change
The European steel industry will remain an important partner in the future low-carbon economy. Despite the current international economic crisis, steel will remain the major material for infrastructure capital goods, construction and transport, and hence demand will be robust in the long term to keep up with the global demographic and economic growth. It is therefore essential to hasten the pace towards implementing solutions for producing steel with a much reduced CO2 footprint.
A two-phase strategy has been put into place in 2008 to achieve the challenging objective of ULCOS which is to cut the CO2 emissions by a factor 2 in the long term. The most advanced technology of the four breakthrough selected routes in the first phase of the project will be implemented at a scale that will make it possible to estimate operating conditions with confidence. This new blast furnace based technology with Top Gas Recycling (TGR-BF) will necessitate carbon capture and storage.
This is a unique project for the steel industry which will be the first of its kind on a global basis. It entails a very high investment and will be successful and viable provided it receives significant funding from the European Union and the governments involved.
The project which has concluded a MoU with ArcelorMittal, Corus and ThyssenKrupp about the joint development and industrialization of the TGR-BF technology, consists in setting up a pilot plant at Eisenhüttenstadt (Germany) during the 2010-2014 period to validate the TGR-BF concept in a mid-sized blast furnace. Moreover an industrial demonstrator in Florange (France) will be installed at full industrial scale during the 2011-2015 period which will be combined with a ground-breaking experiment to store captured carbon dioxide underground in the Lorraine region. Both project sites belong to ArcelorMittal.
The aim of this project is to demonstrate the technical and economic viability of both the Top Gas Recycling (TGR) and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) concepts, and to open the way to deployment of the technology within existing steelmaking facilities after 2020.
The investments in the TGR-BF route are substantial and still involve a certain degree of risk. The cost associated with such a demonstration project for one blast furnace is estimated between €300 and €400 million. However the total budget corresponding to a longer term demonstration of the 4 possible routes is estimated to be in the range of €700-800 million.
This is the reason why the steel industry has been advocating the need for appropriate financial incentives from the European Union and national governments to provide the necessary support for its members to engage in the TGR-BF project, one of the most promising candidate steelmaking technologies in the medium run. The steel industry also needs to be selected among the 10-12 European flagship CCS demonstration projects to be in operation before 2015.
Intelligent manufacturing: towards the process industry of the 21st century
This ambitious project aims at building progressively an integrated control of the whole manufacturing chain, from suppliers to customers, including advanced technological aspects, e.g. IT systems, production scheduling, artificial intelligence etc. This concept mainly developed in discrete manufacturing will be extended to the high energy process industry. Besides an interest to achieve the highest standards of quality, just in time delivery at minimal costs, the IM project will result in a global optimization of energy production and usage alongside other environmental benefits. High-Tech SMEs will be associated to develop new innovative functions. This IM large project is fully in-line with the 3rd R&D partnership initiative “factories of the future” of the European Recovery Plan.
Energy efficient building: steel a flexible key material to save energy
The strategic research agenda of the ESTEP platform covers three main markets, automotive, building and energy (oil & gas, power generation, renewables). The largest programme of ESTEP's construction programme addresses energy efficiency and eco-efficient solutions in buildings (old and new buildings as well as renovation). With its focus on energy efficient building, the steel industry commits to energy and cost savings, reduction of CO2 emissions and an increased European energy independence. For example the use of beams made of high strength steels can save up to 30% on CO2 emission for construction (Federation tower in Moscow). Through this steel construction programme, ESTEP aims to contribute to the EU’s policy relating to “Energy efficient buildings” which is also endorsed by the European Recovery plan.
Finally, the Steering Committee also gave its strong support to an additional programme related to “green cars” which is another priority initiative referred to in the European Recovery Plan. In close cooperation with their automotive customers, ESTEP partners are developing high-strength but low-weight steel applications which helps these customers achieving their CO2 reduction targets. With 1Mt of advanced high strength steels replacing 1.3 Mt of common steel, 13 Mt CO2 is saved over lifetime of vehicles.
ESTEP website: http://cordis.europa.eu/estep/home_en.html
| Technology platform: | European Commission services contact: |
|
ESTEP SECRETARIAT C/o EUROFER Third floor Avenue Ariane 5 B-1200 Brussels Mr Jean-Claude Charbonnier, Secretary General Tel: + 32 2 738 79 47 Mrs Nicol Remoy, Assistant Tel +32 2 738 79 43 ULCOS project Mr Jean-Pierre Birat, ULCOS General coordinator Tel: +33 6 105 517 23, or Mr Karl Buttiens, Coordinator phase II Tel: +32 2 509 14 81 Intelligent Manufacturing project Mr Luc Chefneux, coordinator Tel: +32 475 495 096 Energy Efficient building project Mr Tim Hurd Tel: + 44 1709 825 294 Green cars programme Mr Carl-Dieter Wuppermann Tél: +49 2116 707 405 |
Mr Jean-Luc Delplancke Project Officer DG Research Research Fund for Coal and Steel European Commission CDMA 00/101 B-1049 Brussels Tel. (32)-2-299 64 83 Fax (32)-2-296 59 87 |
European steelmakers and Rio Tinto join forces in Combating Climate Change
18th of September 2008
ULCOS, a consortium of the major European steelmakers, and Rio Tinto, one of the world's leading mining and exploration companies, announce that they have agreed to collaborate on the HIsarna project, which aims to develop a new environmentally-friendly ironmaking process.
ULCOS (Ultra Low CO2 Steelmaking) is the world's most ambitious R&D initiative to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from steel production by developing new breakthrough technologies (www.ulcos.org).
HIsarna (an old Celtic word for iron) is a new technology under development by ULCOS. It is a highly energy efficient ironmaking process based on direct smelting of iron ore fines using a smelt cyclone in combination with a coal-based smelter. All process steps are directly hot-coupled, avoiding energy losses from intermediate treatment of materials and process gases.
The smelt cyclone technology was conceived by Corus (an ULCOS participant) and has been under development for many years. In the 1990s a series of large-scale pilot plant trials successfully demonstrated its operation.
Rio Tinto's participation is through the licensing of its HIsmelt® direct smelting technology (www.hismelt.com), which it has been developing since the 1980s. The first commercial HIsmelt® plant in Kwinana, Western Australia, is currently undergoing ramp-up. In its present commercial form, the HIsmelt smelter uses coal and oxygen-enriched air in combination with a fluidised bed iron ore preheater to produce liquid iron.
The new project aims to develop a new process by combining the HIsarna smelt cyclone with the HIsmelt smelter, and operating the combination on pure oxygen. The project will be renamed “HIsarna” to reflect this merging of concepts.
The resulting process is compact and highly efficient. It will result in lower CO2 emissions compared to other coal-based processes, while the use of pure oxygen facilitates CO2 capture and storage. In addition it will enjoy several other attractive features, including compactness, low capital cost and an ability to use iron ore fines directly, as well as less expensive non-metallurgical coals.
A pilot plant rated at 65,000 tonnes per year will be built at Saarstahl (an ULCOS participant) in Völklingen, Germany. This unit is due to start operations in early 2010, and a three-year pilot testing phase is anticipated. Scale-up to commercial size and subsequent proliferation through the global steel industry will follow in due course.
Rio Tinto's Iron Ore chief executive Sam Walsh welcomed the development. “Rio Tinto understands the need for technology development to address climate change. This project represents a logical extension of HIsmelt technology, which is aimed at achieving high levels of CO2 reduction. This is yet another application of that technology, and highlights its broader commercial potential.”
Jean-Pierre Birat, the coordinator of the ULCOS programme, commented: “We at ULCOS, which is itself by nature a collaborative programme, consider that cooperation is key in the industry's efforts to develop breakthrough steelmaking technologies to help tackle climate change. We are looking forward to the results of this very promising HIsarna project.”
About ULCOS
ULCOS stands for Ultra–Low Carbon dioxide (CO2) Steelmaking. It is a consortium of 48 European companies and organisations from 15 European countries that have launched a cooperative research & development initiative to enable drastic reduction in Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from steel production. The consortium consists of all major EU steel companies, of energy and engineering partners, research institutes and universities and is supported by the European commission. The aim of the ULCOS programme is to reduce the Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of today's best routes by at least 50 percent.
4th ULCOS Seminar Proceedings
| AUTHORS | COMPANY | TITLE |
| Elie Bellevrat, Philippe Menanteau | Enerdata & LEPII Grenoble | SP9 - Introducing carbon constraints in the steel sector : ULCOS scenarios and econimic modelling |
| Jean Pierre Birat, Jean Paul Lorrain, Yann de Lassat | ArcelorMittal | SP9 - The "CO2 tool" : CO2 emissions & energy consumption of existing & breakthrough steelmaking routes |
| Jean Pierre Birat, Jean Paul Lorrain | ArcelorMittal | SP9 - The "CO2 tool" : operating and capital costs of existing and breakthrough routes in a future studies framework |
| Jean Pierre Birat, Jean Paul Lorrain | ArcelorMittal | SP9 - The 'cost tool" : operating and capital costs of existing and breakthrough routes in a future studies framework |
| Iain Millar | Corus UK | SP9 - LCA modelling |
| Olivier Mirgaux, Anna-Maria Josif, D. Ablitzer | LSG2M & Arcelormittal | SP9 - Process integrated modelling for the classical iron and steelmaking route and ULCOS breakthrough processes life cycle inventory analysis |
Interview:
Jean-Pierre Birat, ArcelorMittal's European coordinator of the ULCOS program, talks to VIP, the newsletter of CIRAD, a French agronomy research institute focusing on developing countries and French oversee territories, about the collaboration of Ulcos with CIRAD about the use of biomass for steelmaking. CIRAD is a member of the Ulcos consortium.
Download.pdf2009
Steel and CO2 - The ULCOS program, CCS and Minerai Carbonatation using Steelmaking slag
Author(s) : Jean Pierre Birat
Company : ArcelorMittal
This paper describes the sources of CO2 emissions generated by the steel industry, the possible strategies to control the CO2 emissions, and the solutions developped by the ULCOS programm to reduce drastically those emissions.
Download.pdfReduction of CO2 emissions in the steel industry based on LCA methodology
Author(s) : Ana-Maria Iosif, Jean Pierre Birat, Olivier Mirgaux, Denis Ablitzer
Company : ArcelorMittal + LSG2M
This paper describes a new methodological concept which combines "Life Cycle Assessment" thinking with process simulation software in order to carry out the life cycle inventory of classical steelmaking process
Download.pdf2008
ULCOS Program: a progress report in the spring 2008
Author(s) : Jean Pierre Birat and CO
Company : Core members
This paper describes the ULCOS programm's target and structure, and describes briefly some results obtained by the different sub-projects : coal-base steelmaking, natural-gas steelmaking, hydrogen-base steelmaking, electrolysis of iron ore, biomass and steelmmaking, electricity and the blast furnace.
Download.pdfThe climate change challenge and transitions for radical changes in the european steel industry
Author(s) : C. Rynikiewicz
Company : LEPII
This paper presents idea pertaining to transitions that are envisaged in the steel industry from Cleaner Production to System Innovation.
Download.pdfDevelopements and evaluation of the ULCOS blast furnace process at LKAB experimental BF in Lulea
Author(s) : Jan Van der stel
Company : Corus
This is a presentation made by Corus regarding the modifications of the trials made on the experimental blast furnace in Lulea
Download.pdfQuantitative sustainability assessment through key performance indicators in ULCOS project
Author(s) : Calentina Colla, Teresa Branca, Marco Vannucci, Barbara Fornai, Alessandro Amato
Company : Scuola superiore Sant'Anna
This paper describe the methodology developped inside the ULCOS project, based on both quantitative and qualitative approach, for a social indicator development, in order to analyse and compare the social impacts whether a new process or a new project.
Download.pdfQuantitative sustainability assessment through key performance indicators in ULCOS project
Author(s) : Claire Mardsen, Yann Nouvellon, Daniel Epron
Company : CIRAD, Nancy university
This paper describes the study that permit to relate coarse root respiration to root diameter of eucalyptus
Download.pdfSoil CO2 effluxes, soil carbon balance, and early tree growth following savannah afforestation in Congo: comparison of two sites preparation treatments
Author(s) : Yann Nouvellon, Daniel Epron, Antoine Kinanan, Olivier Hamel, André Mabiala, Rémi D'Annunzio, Philippe Delporte, Laurent Saint-André, Claire Mardsen, Olivier Roupsard, Jean Pierre Bouillet, Jean Paul Laclau
Company : CIRAD, INRA, UR2PI
This paper describes a study, the objectives were to assess the effects of two experimental site preparation treatments on soil CO2 efflux, tree growth and soil carbon balance during the first year following plantation establishment.
Download.pdf2007
Behavior of different Calcium-based sorbents in calcination/carbonation cycle for CO2 capture
Author(s) : Diego Alvarez, Miguel Pena, Angeles G Borrego
Company : Instituto Nacional del Carbon CSIC
This paper describes the work done to identify the characteristics of natural carbonatres which upon calcination generate an optimum material for use as a CO2-capturing sorbent in large-scale industrial CO2-producing sources, and conclusions. Both carbonate purity and crystallinity are important parameters in determining the performance of the sorbents.
Download.pdfElectrowinning of iron from sulphate solutions
Author(s) : Diego Alvarez, Miguel Pena, Angeles G Borrego
Company : Instituto Nacional del Carbon CSIC
This paper describes pilot plant operation of the crucial step of the pyror process, which is electrowinning of iron from a sulfuric acid solution, using iron starting sheets and lead anodes surrounded by a diaphragm. High purity iron can be produce, with current yield of 85% and a power consumption of 4,25 kWh/kg iron.
Download.pdfTwo independant estimations of stand-levelk root respiration on clonal eucalyptus stands in Congo
Author(s) : Claire Mardsen, Yann Nouvellon, Armel Thonho M'Bou, Laurent Saint-André, Christophe Jourdan, Antoine Kinara, Daniel Epron
Company : CIRAD, UR2PI, Université Henri Poincaré Nancy
This paper describes a study of the root-respiration per Eucalyptus and the relationship between root diameter and respiration, that permit to produce an estimation of root-respiration at stand level, taking into account the structure of the root system.
Download.pdfPairwise comparison of soil organic partcile-size distributions in native savannas and eucalyptus plantation in congo
Author(s) : Rémi d'Annunzio, Sofian Conche, Damien Landais, Laurent Saint-André, Richard Joffre, Bernard G. Barthès
Company : CIRAD, INRA
This paper is about the conversion of native vegetation (savana) into fast-growing tree plantations (eucalyptus), and more specifically the comparison of soil organic particles-size distribution.
Download.pdfPre and post-harvest fine root growth in Eucalyptus grandis stands installed in standy and loarmy soils
Author(s) : Sergio luis de Mirando Mello, José Leonardo de Moraes Goncalvez, José Luiz Gava
Company : CENA
This paper is about a work done to evaluate the root turnover in 9-year-old Eucalyptus stands growing on a loamy soil and in a sandy soil : site descriptions, root decomposition measurements, results.
Download.pdfCiclo integrale: problematiche attuali e sviluppi futuri
Author(s) : S. Fera
Company : ILVA
This document is a presentation made by ILVA regarding the CO2 emissions in steel industry, the contribution of the steel industry to the reduction of the CO2, and the presentation of the ULCOS project
Download.pdf2006
Will simplified modalities and procedures make more small-scale forestry projects viable under the clean development mechanism ?
Author(s) : Bruno Locatelli, Lucio Pedroni
Company : CIRAD
This paper is an analysis of modalities and procedures for including afforestation and reforestation project activities under the Clean development Mecanism. Are studied, the parameters related to the carbon market and parameters related to physical and management aspects of the projects, and the factors that facilitates the access of small scale project activities to the Clean Developement Mechanisms.
Download.pdf2004
The relevance of Sir Henry Bessemer's ideas to the steel industry in the 21st century
Author(s) : Jean Pierre Birat
Company : ArcelorMittal
This paper is about Sir Henry Bessemer, written on the occasion of the Bessemer Centenary Conference that celebrated the centenary of his death. It is a point of view of what we can learn from his life that would be of interest for us and for the future
Download.pdfAlternative ways of making steel: retrospective and prospective
Author(s) : Jean Pierre Birat
Company : ArcelorMittal
This paper discusses steel from the standpoint of an enduring material and the steel industry from that of a cumulative technology and explores how this two important concepts have led to industry changes in the past and will most likely contribute to more changes in the future.
Download.pdfAge-related equations for above- and below-ground biomass od a Eucalyptus hybrid in Congo
Author(s) : Laurent Saint-André, Armel Thongo M'Bou, André Mabila, Welcome Mouvondy, Christophe Jourdan, Olivier Rouspard, Philippe Deleporte, Olivier Hamel, Yann Nouvellon
Company : CIRAD, UR2PI, CARFV
This paper decribes a study which permit to construct a complete set of weighted equations for below- and above-ground biomass of a natural Euhalyptus hybrid in Congo
Download.pdf2003
Greenhouse gas emissions of the steel industry - Avenues open for a responsible and sustainable management of emissions
Author(s) : Jean Pierre Birat
Company : ArcelorMittal
This paper is a synthesis of the different aspects of the CO2 emission in the steel industry. It describes technological leeway available for reducing emissions such as increasing the recycling of steel, managing the by-products, using higher grade of steel in the industry, and some radical solutions for steelmaking and for transportation.
Download.pdfCO2 mitigation technologies in the steel industry: a benchmarking study based on process calculations
Author(s) : Jean Pierre Birat, François Hanrot, Gérard Danloy
Company : ArcelorMittal
This paper is about the challenge that global warming poses to the steel industry, in terms of managing the short-term GHG emission mitigation, the middle-term and the long-term.
Download.pdfLes emissions de gaz à effet de serre : un défi pour la sidérurgie
Author(s) : Jean Pierre Birat, Rémy Nicolle
Company : ArcelorMittal
This paper describes the way of reduction of CO2 in the steel industry
Download.pdf2002
The challenge of global warming to the steel industry
Author(s) : Jean Pierre Birat
Company : ArcelorMittal
This paper describes the work done in steel industry on sustainability for half a century, the solutions for reducing CO2 in a short term, and breakthrough and sustainable technologies for iron and steelmaking.
Download.pdfIntegrative modelling approach to assess the sustainability of the Eucalyptus plantation in Congo
Author(s) : Laurent Saint -André, Jean Paul Laclau, Jean Pierre Bouillet, Pierre Deleporte, André Miabala, Nina Ognouabi, Henry Bailleres, Yann Nouvellon, Régis Moukini
Company : CIRAD, ECOsa
This paper present trhe Eucalyptus-Dendro, an integrative modelling approach to assess the sustainability of the Eucalyptus plantations in Congo, that include three main parts : the growth module, the tree properties module and the biogeochemical module.
Download.pdfCAPSIS: Computer-aided projection for strategies in silviculture: open architecture for a shared forest-modeling platform
Author(s) : Francois de Coligny, Philippe Ancelin, Guillaume Cornu, Benoit Courbaud, Philippe Dreyfus, François Goreaud, Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury, Céline Merediau, Christophe Orazio, Laurent Saint-André
Company : CIRAD, INRA, Institut Européen de la forêt cultivée, UMR botanique et informatique de l'architecture des plantes
This paper describes the architecture of the Capsis software, a generic platform designed to integrate models and tools to simulate the dynamics of forest stands.
Download.pdfSustainable steelmaking paradigms for growth and development in the aerly 21th century
Author(s) : Jean Pierre Birat
Company : ArcelorMittal
This paper describes the drivers for steel development, since the end of World War II, that where mass production, search of quality, cost cutting and product and customer engineering, and the next one : the environment.
Download.pdfAdressing the climate change challenge: ULCOS Breakthrough programm
Author(s) : Jean Pierre Birat
Company : ArcelorMittal
This paper describe biefly the ULCOS program's target & structure, and the conclusions of phase I of the program
Download.pdf1999
CO2 emissions and the steel industry's available responses to the greenhouse effect
Author(s) : Jean Pierre Birat, Jean Pierre Vizioz, Yann de Lassat, Michel Schneider, Michel Jeanneau
Company : ArcelorMittal
This paper describes the first studies and simulations of carbon consumption of model steel mills, which are Blast furnace routes and Electric arc furnace routes, the first provisory conclusions, and a perspective on future development in the steel industry.
Download.pdfVers une sidérurgie sans carbone ?
Author(s) : Jean Pierre Birat, M. Antoine, A. Dubs, H. Gaye, Yan de Lassat, Rémy Nicolle, Jean Luc Roth
Company : ArcelorMittal
This paper is the first publication in the steel industry regarding reduction of CO2 in this industry
Download.pdfOther
ULCOS: the european steel industry's effort to find breakthrough technologies to cut its CO2 emissions significantly
Author(s) : Jean Pierre Birat, François Hanrot
Company : ArcelorMittal
The paper presents the progress made in the first two years of the ULCOS program, the conclusions of this first phase of the program, and the orientations for phase II of the ULCOS program.
Download.pdfULCOS - european steelmakers' efforts to reduce green house gas emissions
Author(s) : Jean Pierre Birat, François Hanrot
Company : ArcelorMittal
This paper presents first the 2012 kyoto targets for major european and some other countries, compared to 1990, and the foreseen world energy demand in the world from "POLES" model simulations. This paper presents secondly the scope of the ULCOS program.
Download.pdfProduction of iron with low CO2 emissions. Electrowinning from molten salts
Author(s) : S. Rolseth, H. Gudbrandsen, G.M. Haarberg, E.Kvalheim, T. Murakami
Company : SINTEF, Norvegian university of science and technology, Kyoto University
This document is a presentation made by SINTEF regarding electyrowinning of iron from molten salts : problems to be solved, structure of cathode deposited iron, results of elecrtrolysis experimentations
Download.pdfModelling of coal particle transport mechanics in the partially filled scew reactor
Author(s) : Wolfgang Klose, Michael Roedig, Arndt-P Schinkel, Michael K. Roedig
Company : Kassel University
This paper describes the mathematic modelling of a the coal particle transport in a partially filled screw reactor.
Download.pdfElectrodeposition of iron from molten mixed chloride/fluoride electrolytes
Author(s) : Geir Martin Haarberg, Eirin Kvalheim, Sverre Rolseth, Tsuyoshi Murakami, Stanislas Pietrzyk, Shulan Wang
Company : SINTEF, AGH university of Krakow, Norteastern university of Shenyang
This paper describes an experimentation of electrodeposition of iron in molten CaCl2-CaFé (80620 mol %) and other mixed chloride/fluoride electrolytes at 827 and 890 °C by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and galvanostatic electrolysis.
Download.pdf